Cancer and tumors

The tumor or cancer is a class of disturbances or disorders characterized by abnormal reproduction of cells and the skill of these cells into other tissues through invasion or by metastasis. For metastasis is defined as the stage at which cancer is spread through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Cancer can affect people of all ages, but the risks increase with age, because of damage to DNA which is becoming stronger. It is one of the major causes of death in developed countries.

The unbridled growth that characterizes cancer is caused by damage to DNA and results in mutations of genes that encode proteins that control cell division. Mutations can be caused by radiation, chemical or physical agents, which are known carcinogens, or by certain viruses that can insert their DNA into the human genome. The mutations are spontaneous and can be transmitted from one cell to another. However, some carcinogens seem to act through non-mutagenic, hitting only the transcription of certain genes without causing genetic mutations.

The primary effects caused by mutations in cancer are:

acquisition of autonomy multiplier incapacity to submit to the regulatory mechanisms of cell proliferation;
absence of density-dependent inhibition (normal cells multiply up to a defined cell density, which reached become quiescent);
reduced capacity for adhesion with other cells or tissue components;
absence of extracellular matrix (often digested by proteases), which promotes the invasion of adjacent normal tissue;
angiogenesis: formation of new blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients to the factors of tumor cells;
reduction or loss of differentiation capacity;
acquisition of unlimited replicative capacity as a result of the expression of telomerase;
reduction or loss of the opportunity to meet programmed cell death (apoptosis).
loss of the so-called contact inhibition.

Many forms of cancer are associated with exposure to environmental factors such as smoking, radiation, alcohol and certain viruses. Some risk factors possomo to be avoided or reduced.
These related terms can be used for an abnormal growth desiganre:
Neoplasia and neoplasm: description of scientific cancer. There are many disorders are part of it. The neoplasms may be benign or malignant *.
Cancer is widely used to indicate a malignant neoplasm. Sometimes it is used synonymously with carcinoma (a sub group of malignant neoplasms) or neoplasia.
Cancer: medical language simply means swelling or mass neoplastic, inflammatory, or otherwise. In common parlance is synonymous with neoplasm, which evil is benign, but this definition is not correct since neoplasms usually do not form tumors, like leukemia and carcinoma in situ.
Paraneoplasia is a disorder associated with a neoplasm, but not linked the invasion of a primary or secondary tumor. The disorder may be hormonal, neurological, hematological, biochemical or clinical.

The types of cancers are classified according to the tissue from which the tumor is presumed to have originated. The main categories are:
Carcinoma: malignant tumor derived from epithelial cells. This group includes the most common cancers, including forms of cancer of the breast, prostate, lung and colon.
Lymphoma and Leukemia: malignant tumors arising from blood and bone marrow cells.
Sarcoma: malignant tumors derived from connective tissue or mesenchymal cells
Mesothelioma: cancer cells, which results from mesoteliali covering the peritoneum and pleura.
Glioma: tumor that arises from glial cells, the most common brain cell.
Germinoma: tumors derived from germ cells, normally present in the testes and ovaries.
Coriocarcinoma: malignant tumor that arises from the placenta
Here a classification riasuntiva major form of cancer:

Tissue-derived
Mesenchymal tissues not sap-haemopoietic

Benign tumors
Fibroma
Lipoma
Condroma
Angioma
Leiomioma

Malignancies
Fibrosarcomas
Liposarcoma
Condrosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Angiosarcoma

Tissue-derived
Mesenchymal tissue sap-haemopoietic

Benign tumors
Lymphoid tissue
Myeloid tissue
Myeloma

Malignancies
Hodgkin's disease
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Lymphatic leukemia
Myeloid leukemia

Tissue-derived
Epithelial tissues

Benign tumors
Papilloma
Adenoma

Malignancies
Papillary carcinoma
Carcinoma spinocellulare
Basal cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Undifferentiated carcinoma

Tissue-derived
Nervous tissue

Benign tumors
Glioma
Neurinoma

Malignancies
Glioblastoma
Neuroblastoma
Retinoblastoma

Tissue-derived
Fabric producer of melanin

Benign tumors
Nevo melanocitico

Malignancies
Melanoma

Tissue-derived
Epithelial tissue coriale

Malignancies
Corionepitelioma

Tissue-derived
Embryonic tissues

Benign tumors
Teratoma

Malignancies
Embryonal carcinoma

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